Nanostructured Lipid Carriers

Oral administration of biologics such as peptides, proteins, vaccines, and nucleic acids is one of the most significant challenges because of enzymatic breakdown, acidic gastric environment, and low absorption in the intestines. Polymeric nanoparticle has become a potential solution to surmount these obstacles, as it provides protection of biologics, controlled release as well as increased mucosal uptake. This review will present a pharmaceutics-oriented overview of recent developments in polymeric nanoparticle-based oral delivery systems with particular emphasis on preclinical animal studies. The significant advances in natural and synthetic polymers, surface modification techniques including mucoadhesion, conjugation of ligands and pH- sensitive coatings and the applications in different classes of biologics are also critically examined. The animal studies show enhanced oral bioavailability, prolonged therapeutic effect and improved immune response, showing the potential of the systems as less invasive methods of administration compared to the conventional administration. Although some of these advances have been made, issues of formulation complexity, reproducibility, large-scale production and long-term safety have yet to be resolved. This review highlights the existing gaps and suggests future research to enable translation of polymeric nanoparticles in oral biologic delivery into clinical practice.

This paper explores the preparation of nanoparticles employing the herbal extract in the form of green chemistry that is environmental friendly. The problems inherent with conventional synthesis of nanoparticles, such as the use of extremely harsh chemicals and the intensity of the process, can be dealt with using the herbal-mediated synthesis that is free of costs, biocompatible and environmentally friendly. In this study, emphasis will therefore be made on the phytochemicals in the different medicinal plants (i.e. such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and phenolics) used in the synthesis of nanoparticles, as reducing and stabilizing agents. The nanoparticles synthesized showed great antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activity, which illustrates a possible use as a biomedical agent. Advanced characterization through analytical methods used indicated stability, uniformity and nanometer dimensions. The comparative analysis of the already existing literature was done on the basis of highlighting the virtues of the green-synthesized nanoparticles in the aspects of its safety, eco-friendliness, and multifunctionality in therapeutic applications. The results help to increase the ever-evolving literature that suggests that herbal-based green synthesis mitigates the risk associated with environmental pollution and increases the pharmacological worth of nanoparticles. This paper has established that the green synthesized nanoparticles have potential uses within the realms of medicine, drug delivery and sustainable nanotechnology in the future.