Pharmaceutical Analysis.

Animal models play a key role in personalized medicine because they help define the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and therapeutic profile of conventional and nano-enabled drug delivery systems. In comparison to conventional dosage forms, current successful targeting and control of drug release are restricted, nano-enabled carriers improve solubility, extend systemic circulation and allow site specific delivery. Inter-individual variability in drug metabolism, enzyme, and immune response are also prominent with animal models, appropriate dose selection, safety testing, and formulations to make therapy more person-specific. High end techniques such as in vivo imaging, biodistribution analysis, histopathology, and toxicological screening enhance these studies in terms of translating their strength. By integrating both animal-based studies with biomarker-based methods, computational modeling, and complimentary in vitro methods, the accuracy of predictive methods increases dramatically. The studies highlight the imperativeness of animal research as mediator between the preclinical research and the clinical implementation, in the establishment of safe, effective, and custom designed pharmaceutic interventions in personal medicine.