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📢 Latest Update: New special issue call for papers on "Emerging Technologies in Research" - Submit by March 31, 2025

📢 Latest Update: New special issue call for papers on "Emerging Technologies in Research" - Submit by March 31, 2025

JPRIMS, Vol-2, Issue-9, Sep.-2025

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Editorial: JPRIMS, Vol-2, Issue-9, Sep.-2025

Welcome to the issue of Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Integrated Medical Sciences. This issue showcases the remarkable breadth and depth of contemporary research across multiple disciplines. From cutting-edge applications of machine learning in climate science to the revolutionary potential of quantum computing in drug discovery, our featured articles demonstrate the power of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing global challenges.

We are particularly excited to present research that bridges traditional academic boundaries, reflecting our journal's commitment to fostering innovation through cross-disciplinary dialogue. The integration of artificial intelligence with environmental science, the application of blockchain technology to supply chain management, and the convergence of urban planning with smart city technologies exemplify the transformative potential of collaborative research.

As we continue to navigate an era of rapid technological advancement and global challenges, the research presented in this issue offers both insights and solutions that will shape our future. We thank our authors, reviewers, and editorial board members for their continued dedication to advancing knowledge and promoting scientific excellence.

Dr. Arpan Kumar Tripathi
Editor-in-Chief
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Integrated Medical Sciences

Articles in This Issue

Showing 13 of 13 articles
Research PaperID: JPRIMS1010152

PROGRESS OF GALLIC ACID-DERIVED MICROCOMPOSITE GEL SYSTEMS FOR EFFECTIVE WOUND HEALING: A REVIEW

Anugrah Samanvay Tandi, Garima Sahu, Jaya Shree, Neha mandle

Management of chronic wounds continues to be a formidable clinical problem, demanding novel therapeutic strategies that target various stages of the healing cascade. Natural polyphenolic compounds such as gallic acid have been attracting interest as potential wound healing agents because of their multiple therapeutic activities. This review discusses in detail the preparation, characterization, application of gallic acid-loaded microcomposite gels, and their in vitro and in vivo studies, and focuses especially on chitosan-alginate matrix formulations. Incorporation of GA in biocompatible polymer matrices is a strategy to overcome GA's poor solubility in water and low bioavailability, in general. This review comprehensively summarizes the available understanding on formulation approaches, physicochemical characterization methods, release kinetics, and therapeutic potentials of gallic acid-based microcomposite systems. The study results indicate that ionotropic gelation approaches incorporating optimized polymer blends are able to develop stable colloidal forms with favourable particle size distribution, improved EE and controlled release patterns. The pseudoplastic rheology and the physiologically compatible pH ranges of these formulations result in enhanced patient compliance and therapy. Future directions of research therefore should involve comprehensive in vivo studies and real clinical validation of safety and efficacy that would be most welcomed for such new systems of drug delivery.

Moisturizing cream; Ginger (Zingiber officinale); Honey (Madhu); Pomegranate (Punica granatum); Antioxidant.
9,351 views
2,693 downloads

Contributors:

 Anugrah Samanvay Tandi
,
 Garima Sahu
,
 Jaya Shree
,
 Neha mandle
Research PaperID: JPRIMS1010154

Development and Quality Assessment of Sustained Release Tablets Containing Metformin Using Hydrophilic Polymers

Mausami, Vikas Kumar Sahu, Pushpa Nirmalkar, Aanchal Yadu, Jitendra Kumar

The aim of the current research is to prepare and test sustained-release (SR) tablets of Metformin hydrochloride using hydrophilic polymers such as Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC), Xanthan gum and Eudragit RSPO so as to attain sustained glycemic control in diabetic animal models. The wet granulation method is used to prepare tablets and the physicochemical properties such as weight variation, hardness, friability, thickness and uniformity of drug content are determined and all are found to be within acceptable limits. In vitro drug release showed a release of Metformin is controlled over 12 hours with release kinetics consistent with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, reflecting diffusion and erosion. Sustained drug absorption is observed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats in which in vivo pharmacokinetic analysis of the SR formulations demonstrated a long Tmax and half-life (t1/2) and higher area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) than immediate-release Metformin. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc statistical analysis showed that there are significant differences between formulations (p

Animal ModelsImmunomodulationGlycyrrhiza GlabraTinospora CordifoliaOcimum SanctumWithania Somnifera+3 more
9,396 views
2,883 downloads

Contributors:

 Mausami
,
 Vikas Kumar Sahu
,
 Pushpa Nirmalkar
,
 Aanchal Yadu
,
 Jitendra Kumar
Research PaperID: JPRIMS1010155

Evaluation of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) in Monitoring Granulation Parameters for Improved Tablet Uniformity.

Vikas Kumar Sahu, Mausami, Pushpa Nirmalkar, Aanchal Yadu, Jitendra Kumar

Therapeutic efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical tablets largely depend on their uniformity and quality, especially during preclinical studies. This study will assess the use of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) to monitor granulation parameters in real time to enhance the consistency of tablets. During wet granulation, properties of the granules including particle size, moisture content, and bulk density are continuously measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and in-line particle size analyzers using animal-model-compatible formulations. GRS PAT granules are converted into tablets and examined concerning mass homogeneity, firmness, and friability and compared with non-PAT batches. Findings indicated that PAT-controlled production has led to a large decrease in the batch-to-batch variability resulting in tablets of uniform physical characteristics and mechanical strength. The statistical analysis revealed that batches approached by PAT is superior to conventional processes. The results indicate that the use of PAT in preclinical preparations improves process controls, variability, and stable tablet quality, which is a key to its usability as a standard method in early pharmaceutical development.

Wistar Rats.In Vitro Drug ReleaseHydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC)Hydrophilic PolymersMetformin HydrochlorideSustained-Release Tablets
9,343 views
2,887 downloads

Contributors:

 Vikas Kumar Sahu
,
 Mausami
,
 Pushpa Nirmalkar
,
 Aanchal Yadu
,
 Jitendra Kumar
Research PaperID: JPRIMS1010156

QUALITY-BY-DESIGN (QBD) APPROACH IN DEVELOPING A THERMORESPONSIVE IN-SITU NASAL GEL CONTAINING NANOSIZED ANTIVIRAL AGENTS

Jayanti Tiwari, Harshita Khatri, Anshika Garg, Anubhav Yadav

This research uses a Quality-by-Design (QbD) methodology to design and optimize a thermoresponsive in-situ nasal gel drug delivery system; the gel includes nanosized antiviral drugs with the goal of enhancing viral respiratory infections local drug delivery. Poloxamer 407, Poloxamer 188 and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC), critical formulation variables are systematically examined using a Box-Behnken design as a part of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to determine their effects on critical quality attributes (CQAs) such as the gelation temperature, viscosity and release of the drug. The streamlined formulation exhibits a gelation temperature in the physiological range, adequate viscosity to deliver drugs through the nose, and lasts over 12 hours. In Wistar rat testing in vivo, nasal retention is superior, adhesion on the mucosal surface is improved, and therapeutic effect is better than with conventional drug solutions. The ANOVA statistical analysis shows that the factors of formulation have a significant effect on the result (p 0.95) is significant which proves the predictive power and strength of the QbD model. These findings provide positive evidence that confirms the presence of a therapeutic window of the optimized thermoresponsive nasal gel as a translational clinical intervention of optimized antiviral therapy and that the QbD concepts can be used systematically and consistently guide the design and development of formulations.

Preclinical Formulations.Tablet UniformityGranulation ParametersPATProcess Analytical Technology
9,521 views
2,813 downloads

Contributors:

 Jayanti Tiwari
,
 Harshita Khatri
,
 Anshika Garg
,
 Anubhav Yadav
Research PaperID: JPRIMS1010158

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications in Orthopedic Physiotherapy

Nawaf Rawaf Alfahad, Hadeel Fahad Alothaim

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), such as osteoarthritis, fractures, ligament injuries, and chronic back pain, affect over 1.3 billion people worldwide, posing significant clinical and economic burdens. Conventional orthopedic physiotherapy is essential for restoring mobility and reducing disability but is limited by subjectivity, variability in treatment outcomes, and challenges in personalization. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML)have emerged as transformative tools to overcome these gaps. Methodology: This mini-review synthesizes recent advances in AI/ML applications across diagnostic imaging, gait and posture analysis, wearable sensor technologies, predictive analytics, rehabilitation robotics, and tele-physiotherapy. Clinical applications, case studies, and technological innovations are evaluated to highlight their impact on patient assessment, treatment planning, and rehabilitation. Challenges such as data privacy, limited datasets, integration into clinical workflows, and algorithmic bias are also discussed. Results: AI enhances diagnostic precision through automated medical imaging analysis and computer vision–based gait assessment. Wearable sensors combined with ML enable continuous monitoring and adaptive therapy adjustments, while predictive models improve early detection of injury risks and disease progression. AI-assisted rehabilitation tools—including robotic systems, VR/AR platforms, and gamified therapy—enhance patient engagement, adherence, and recovery outcomes. Clinical applications demonstrate improvements in post-operative rehabilitation, chronic back pain management, arthritis grading, sports injury recovery, and remote physiotherapy delivery. Despite barriers, federated learning, IoT integration, multimodal AI, and fully autonomous physiotherapy assistants are emerging as future solutions. Conclusion: AI and ML are revolutionizing orthopedic physiotherapy by enabling precision diagnosis, personalized treatment, and adaptive rehabilitation strategies. While challenges in privacy, clinical adoption, and algorithmic robustness remain, ongoing innovations promise to establish AI as a cornerstone of musculoskeletal care. These technologies are poised to enhance patient-centered rehabilitation, improve global accessibility, and shape the future of physiotherapy practice.

AntidiabeticAnticancerAntioxidantAnti-InflammatoryPhytotherapeuticsEthnopharmacology+1 more
9,737 views
2,978 downloads

Contributors:

 Nawaf Rawaf Alfahad
,
 Hadeel Fahad Alothaim
Research PaperID: JPRIMS1010159

Physiotherapy and Pain Modulation: Mechanistic Insights into Non-Pharmacological Interventions

Faisal Kamal Sulaiman Alhabib

Aim and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the role of physiotherapy in pain modulation and to provide mechanistic insights into non-pharmacological interventions that complement or substitute pharmacologic therapies. The objectives include reviewing underlying neurophysiological mechanisms, therapeutic techniques, and clinical evidence supporting physiotherapy in chronic pain management. Methodology:A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on studies published between 2005 and 2025. Randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and mechanistic studies examining physiotherapy modalities—such as exercise therapy, manual therapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), and therapeutic ultrasound—were analyzed. Results: Evidence suggests that physiotherapy alleviates pain through multiple mechanisms including modulation of nociceptive signaling, enhancement of endogenous opioid release, reduction of central sensitization, and improvement of musculoskeletal function. Interventions such as exercise therapy and TENS demonstrated significant reductions in pain intensity, improved mobility, and decreased reliance on pharmacological agents across diverse patient populations. Conclusion: Physiotherapy offers a safe, effective, and mechanistically validated non-pharmacological strategy for chronic pain management. By targeting neural, muscular, and psychosocial components of pain, physiotherapy serves as a vital adjunct or alternative to pharmacological treatments, promoting long-term functional recovery and enhanced quality of life.

Wearable SensorsRehabilitation RoboticsOrthopaedic PhysiotherapyMachine LearningArtificial Intelligence
9,904 views
2,994 downloads

Contributors:

 Faisal Kamal Sulaiman Alhabib
Research PaperID: JPRIMS1010164

Comparative Evaluation of Liposomes and Niosomes in Gene Delivery

Replantful Chiangkata

The current study used HEK293 and HeLa cell lines to compare liposomes and niosomes as nanocarriers for gene transfer. After preparing and characterizing liposomal and niosomal formulations containing GFP-encoding plasmid DNA, the effectiveness and cytotoxicity of transfection were evaluated in vitro. According to ANOVA and post hoc analysis, liposomes demonstrated a considerably greater transfection efficiency than niosomes in both cell lines (p 0.05). These results show that niosomes provide a safer substitute with decreased cytotoxicity, indicating a trade-off between efficiency and safety, even though liposomes perform better at delivering genes. Therefore, the study offers a comparison framework for choosing appropriate nanocarriers for upcoming gene therapy applications.

Tissue regeneration.AngiogenesisCollagen synthesisAntimicrobialAnti-inflammatoryAntioxidant+2 more
9,868 views
2,993 downloads

Contributors:

 Replantful Chiangkata
Research PaperID: JPRIMS1010165

Development of Stable Parenteral Emulsions for Critical Care Medicine

Srikumar Chakravarthi, Ranjith Karthekeyan, Barani Karikalan, Karthikesh Jayakumar, Mohammad Nazmul Hasan Maziz

With an emphasis on formulation stability, safety, and clinical compatibility, the current study sought to create and assess stable parenteral emulsions for critical care medicine. Three batches of emulsions were made using pharmaceutical-grade lipids, emulsifiers, and isotonic agents, and the results were compared to control formulations. During a 90-day storage period at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C, physicochemical parameters such as droplet size, zeta potential, pH, and osmolarity were measured. While statistical analyses (ANOVA and Levene's Test) confirmed reproducibility and consistency across batches, sterility and endotoxin testing guaranteed microbial safety. According to the results, emulsions kept at 4 °C exhibited the best stability, whereas emulsions kept at higher temperatures experienced mild or rapid destabilization. Endotoxin levels were within pharmacopeial limits, and all batches remained sterile. The feasibility of creating stable and safe parenteral emulsions that can be administered intravenously to critically ill patients is highlighted in the study, along with the significance of appropriate storage conditions in maintaining formulation integrity.

NanocarriersCytotoxicityTransfection efficiencyGene deliveryNiosomesLiposomes
10,057 views
2,922 downloads

Contributors:

 Srikumar Chakravarthi
,
 Ranjith Karthekeyan
,
 Barani Karikalan
,
 Karthikesh Jayakumar
,
 Mohammad Nazmul Hasan Maziz
Research PaperID: JPRIMS1010166

Injectable Liposomal Formulations for Sustained Release of Anticancer Drugs

Deepesh Lall, Amit vaishnav, Prakash Kumar Ratre

Liposomal formulations have been a lot of interest as an improved drug delivery system to overcome the key drawbacks of traditional chemotherapy namely low solubility, premature metabolism, nonspecific biodistribution, and overwhelming systemic toxicity. Liposomes increase the stability of anticancer drugs like doxorubicin and topotecan, extend plasma circulatory time and offer targeted and steady drug delivery by entrapping these drugs within lipid bi-layers. These formulations take advantage of passive targeting using the increased permeability and retention (EPR) effect of tumor vasculature and can be further refined using active methods that include PEGylation or ligand conjugation to allow selective tumor accumulation. Preclinical experiments show that liposomal encapsulation enhances intratumoral drug concentrations, therapeutic efficacy, and off-target toxicity and permits increased effective dose. Besides, the safety assessment in animals showed reduced cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and hematological toxicity, which points to their good safety profile. Regardless of the issues surrounding batch-to-batch variability, premature release, or burst release of drugs and the lack of consistency in large-scale production, recent studies on lipid composition optimization, multifunctional surface modification, and standardized production protocols highlight how liposomal formulations can be translated to clinical use. Altogether, injectable liposomal systems offer a flexible, convenient, and efficient system of advanced cancer therapy with better pharmacokinetics, greater tumor targeting, lower systemic toxicity, and combination therapy, which can be used to achieve optimal anticancer effects.

intravenous formulationsterilitydroplet sizezeta potentialstabilitycritical care medicine+1 more
9,886 views
2,971 downloads

Contributors:

 Deepesh Lall
,
 Amit vaishnav
,
 Prakash Kumar Ratre
Research PaperID: JPRIMS1010167

Niosome-Based Vaccines for Enhanced Immunogenic Response

Shubham Kamble, Tirupati Rasala, Shrutika Chikhale, Khushi Khandare, Sanket Babhulkar, Yogesh Bhadre

The invention of good vaccines is one of the most important milestones in global health. Nonetheless, adverse factors like lack of immunogenicity, low antigen stability and the requirement to treat several times has led to the development of novel delivery mechanisms. Niosomes, which are vesicles made of non-ionic surfactants, have also become a promising mode of delivery of vaccines as they are capable of encapsulation of the hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic antigens, controlled release, and stimulation of immune responses. This paper discusses how niosome-based vaccines can be used to enhance antigen presentation, generate humoral and cellular immunity and deal with issues in traditional vaccine preparations. The review is methodologically based on the synthesis of the findings of the available pre-clinical and clinical trials in order to assess the design of the vaccines, their mechanism of action, and immunological effects of niosome-based vaccines. Findings present that niosome formulations enhance stability of antigens, extend the period of circulation, and increase immunogenic reactions relative to conventional adjuvants. The discussion presents their benefits, current weaknesses, and future opportunities in vaccine development particularly in infectious disease and cancer immunotherapy.

Therapeutic efficacyPEGylationEPR effectPharmacokineticsTumor targetingSustained release+2 more
10,145 views
3,122 downloads

Contributors:

 Shubham Kamble
,
 Tirupati Rasala
,
 Shrutika Chikhale
,
 Khushi Khandare
,
 Sanket Babhulkar
,
 Yogesh Bhadre
Research PaperID: JPRIMS1010168

Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for Oral Delivery of Poorly Soluble Drugs

Priyanka Ajit Mandal, Aditi Balabhau Daiwalkar, Vaishnavi Narayanrao Ghati, Snehal Sudhakar Soor, Megha Shankar Nannaware

The oral route is still the most desirable route of drug delivery because of its ease of use, patient compliance and cost, but there is a major limitation regarding poor solubility of many therapeutic compounds in aqueous medium, therefore, this limits the oral delivery of the drug and clinical outcome. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), as well as self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), are the latest approaches to address these shortcomings. The nanoscales protect labile compounds against degraded by gastrointestinal system, increase solubility of drugs, and facilitate absorption via lymphatic system bypassing first-pass metabolism. Preclinical and animal experiments have demonstrated that SLNs give sustained release and gastrointestinal protection, NLCs give drug loading, stability and controlled release, and SEDDS gives dissolution, systemic exposure and lymphatic uptake. Another advantage of LNCs is better tissue distribution, extended circulation, ameliorated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activity. Regardless of their promise, such challenges as formulation stability, large scale production, interspecies translational differences, and excipient safety are critical factors. Altogether, LNCs provide a versatile and promising system of creation of effective patient-friendly oral preparations of drugs that are hardly soluble, and their possible clinical translation and specific treatment use have significant potential.

NanocarriersAdjuvantImmunogenic ResponseVaccine DeliveryNiosomes
10,169 views
3,158 downloads

Contributors:

 Priyanka Ajit Mandal
,
 Aditi Balabhau Daiwalkar
,
 Vaishnavi Narayanrao Ghati
,
 Snehal Sudhakar Soor
,
 Megha Shankar Nannaware
Research PaperID: JPRIMS1010172

Niosome-Based Approaches in Ocular Drug Delivery: Advances, Challenges, And Future Perspectives

G. Neethirajan

The delivery of drugs into the eye is an important issue because there are physiological barriers to the delivery of drugs that include tear turnover, corneal impermeability, and nasolacrimal drainage. Traditional formulae do not readily attain therapeutic concentrations at the desired site and the need to develop new delivery systems has arisen. Non-ionic surfactant-based vesicular carriers (niosomes) have become a promising alternative to liposomes and conventional dosage forms because of their biocompatibility, stability and encapsulation of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. The review indicates the concepts of the niosome technology, current development trends in the field of ocular applications, and the benefits of the niosome technology over the traditional systems. The most important studies that investigate the therapeutic outcomes of treating such conditions as glaucoma, conjunctivitis, retinal disorders are presented, as well as the problem of stability, scalability, and ocular irritation. The paper ends by identifying gaps in the research and proposing areas of future growth, which makes the niosomes an effective approach to transform ocular therapeutics.

10,660 views
3,108 downloads

Contributors:

 G. Neethirajan
Research PaperID: JPRIMS1010180

Development of Niosomal Formulations for Enhanced Skin Penetration

Araf Mahefuzabibi Hidayat, Snehal Varade, Hamida Hidayat Araf, Agvan Taslim, Rumana Patel

The objective of the research was to develop and evaluate niosomal preparations of diclofenac sodium with the view of enhancing transdermal drug delivery in animals. Niosomes were prepared using thin-film hydration technique, which is based on non-ionic surfactants and vesicle, and they were characterized based on particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and morphology. The performance of the formulations was calculated in comparison to conventional gel by undertaking ex vivo skin permeation test in rat skin and in vivo pharmacokinetic test on Wistar rats. Findings showed that niosomal preparations and specifically Niosome F3 had a smaller particle size, greater entrapment efficiency, and better stability which resulted in a significant enhancement of skin permeation and the sustained system levels of absorption. Ex vivo experiments revealed that optimized niosomes had almost twice the drug permeation rate versus conventional gel whereas in vivo experiments revealed improved peak plasma concentrations and increased drug retention. These data confirm the hypotheses suggested and indicate that niosomal carriers are an appropriate method of overcoming the barrier of stratum corneum, increasing drug delivery, and achieving controlled release. The research emphasizes the opportunities offered by niosomal formulations as a flexible and effective carrier of transdermal drugs delivery, as a method to enhance the therapeutic effect, the efficiency of the dosing schedule, and minimize the side effects experienced by the system.

Vesicular Carriers.In Vivo PharmacokineticsEx VivoSkin PermeationDiclofenac SodiumTransdermal Drug Delivery+1 more
10,682 views
3,206 downloads

Contributors:

 Araf Mahefuzabibi Hidayat
,
 Snehal Varade
,
 Hamida Hidayat Araf
,
 Agvan Taslim
,
 Rumana Patel

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