Deepak Biswas

This experimental study investigates the effect of dietary Spirulina supplementation on male reproductive health in albino rats. Thirty male rats were divided into three groups: control, low-dose Spirulina, and high-dose Spirulina. For 30 days, the treatment groups were given Spirulina with their food, while the control group was given standard chow. At the termination of supplementation, several reproductive parameters were evaluated such as sperm concentration, motility, morphology, serum testosterone levels, testicular histopathology, and markers of oxidative stress (MDA, SOD, catalase, and GSH). The findings showed remarkably improved sperm quality and testosterone status in Spirulina-treated groups with increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and decreased lipid peroxidation. Histopathological study also showed improved testicular integrity and spermatogenesis. These results indicate that Spirulina exerts a protective and augmenting influence on male fertility, possibly as a result of its strong antioxidant activity. The research highlights the potential of Spirulina as a natural, safe, and inexpensive supplement for reproductive health augmentation, but points to the necessity of further research in models to validate its therapeutic uses.

The current study aimed to develop an oral controlled drug delivery system for captopril, a highly water-soluble drug. Captopril is a highly water-soluble drug if not formulated properly may release the drug immediately and cause toxicity. Half-life of captopril is around 2-3 hours with 60-75% of bioavailability and prescribed thrice a day, due to this reason an attempt was made to prepare multilayer matrix tablet of captopril for its controlled and durable release. Multilayer matrix tablets of captopril were prepared by compressing 100mg of guar gum granules containing either 60%(T1), 70%(T2) and 80%(T3) of guar gum on both sides of matrix powder of captopril containing either 1:2, 1:1 and 2:1 ratio of HPMC and ethyl cellulose, above which an immediate release layer is compressed having the loading dose of captopril forming the fourth layer of the multilayered matrix tablet. The respective formulations were coded as T1M1, T1M2, T1M3, T2M1, T2M2, T2M3, T3M1, T3M2 and T3M3. Result: Values for bulk densities, tapped density, compressibility, Hausner ratio and angle of repose for all the prepared powder and granules were found in a range of 0.33 to 0.446, 0.37 to 0.50, 8.002 to 16.27, 1.08 to 1.16 & 25.96 to 27.7 respectively. Whereas, values for thickness, friability, hardness, Weight variation and content uniformity is found to be 7.14±0.27 to 7.29±0.22, 0.15 to 0.33, 5.7±0.28 to 5.9±0.27, 645.4±2.9 to 649.5±4.7 & 97.79±0.52 to 101.12±0.50 respectively. Swelling study indicates the % swelling of the polymers and the study reviles that maximum swelling were obtained with the formulation T3M3. Dissolution profile defines that the concentration of polymer plays an important role in the release of drug. The values of drug release for the formulation T1M1 to T3M3 after 12 hours were found to be in between 68.91 to 96.47 % respectively.

Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of premature death and diseases in the world. Nicotine is the causal agent for the addiction of people to tobacco. To reduce the mortality and morbidity caused by tobacco use the only way out is to make people free from this monstrous addiction. The goal of this work is compilation of different diagnostic methods available to help people in the diagnosis of their level of addiction to nicotine. Various diagnostic methods included are Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and Heaviness of Smoking (HSI), Features of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV, Features of the International Statistical Classification and Related Health, The Tobacco Dependence Screener (TDS), The Cigarette Dependence Scale (CDS), The Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS), Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM), The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco (FTND-ST). These questionnaires are simple, easy to answer and assess. A number of smokers try to quit and fail in their attempt in lack of proper strategic planning. With the use of these questionnaires and by assessing their addiction level one can successfully plan for their quit attempt and benefit with it in a positive way.

Increasing accuracy and efficiency together with diagnosis predictability makes artificial intelligence (AI) revolutionize healthcare sector operations. This paper explores how artificial intelligence (AI) detects early-stage diabetes mellitus as a metabolic chronic disease that shows increasing global prevalence. The objective of this research study evaluates how different artificial intelligence approaches including machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing (NLP) function in terms of methods, accuracy level as well as data collection protocols and their practical clinical benefits. Research indicates that ensemble machine learning models alongside convolutional neural networks (CNNs) demonstrate superior identification abilities for detecting diabetes problems early on. The data quality issues along with generalization problems and limitations for clinical practice require further investigation.

The present research on orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) of pediatric and geriatric patients reviewed 10–15 secondary source formulations for disintegration time, mechanical strength, drug release, and taste-maskedness. Lyophilization yielded the shortest disintegration (5–15 sec) and maximum dissolution (85–95%) but exhibited poor mechanical strength (10–20N). Direct compression yielded the maximum strength (40–50N) but the maximum disintegration time (25–40 sec). Sublimation equilibrated both, with fair disintegration (15–30 sec) and hardness (20–35N) but required improved taste-masking. Statistical analysis revealed good negative correlation (-0.85) between dissolution time and dissolution rate. Regression analysis validated lyophilization effectively lowered disintegration time (p = 0.012, β = -0.74), whereas direct compression raised it (p = 0.031, β = +0.62). The research emphasizes lyophilization as the most efficient technique but proposes hybrid methods and AI-aided optimization for improved mechanical strength and taste-masking. Clinical validation and in-vivo testing should be included in future work.

This study involved developing and evaluating a vitamin D lotion to protect breast cancer patients' skin from radiotherapy-induced dermatitis. This lotion was produced using an emulsion-based system combining vitamin D with excipients for stability and efficacy. Physical and chemical assessments for the lotion in question included pH 5.2, viscosity of 2400 cPs, and spreading pleasingly smoothness. The acceptable range was met; however, sensory testing showed high acceptability scores by patients, as: mean scores were 4.2 for spreadability, 4.4 for absorption, and 4.6 for comfort. Significant reductions in radiation dermatitis severity were established with significant improvement in RTOG/EORTC scores from baseline to week 4: from 3.5 to 1.5, p